The World of Mass Media - 1067 Words

The world of Mass Media is a complicated place as told by former TV and Radio reporter, Al Meyers. â€Å"You never know what you’re going to be doing, but then there’s the ability to be able to do it and to share that with the people who are listening.† Meyers, who is retired, gave me the pleasure of sitting down and talking to me about the world of Mass Media Communication, then and now. Most of what we hear about in the world today comes to us as it is broadcasted through the television news networking stations and the Radio broadcasts throughout the day. It is constantly being updated by the minute as news breaks everywhere, whether it is locally or internationally. However what about the people who present us the news, the people who work†¦show more content†¦Media workers need to have social skills, and the ability to talk to people. It is one of the many ways in which a reporter finds out what is going on. They need to be able to present the news in a clear concise way that is easy for listeners to interpret and understand. â€Å"You need to have an eye and an ear for ‘the story’ and a desire to capture the latest news,† says Al, â€Å"The process behind establishing what is published and what isn’t wholly depends on what is relevant for people in the community to know.† The training involved in becoming a reporter deals especially with developing a person’s social skill, and their ability to use their curiosity to get information out of people, even when they are reluctant to give it. Interaction with people is important because as a Media worker you have to be able to work together with a group of people in order to make all aspects of a story fit together. â€Å"Television news requires a thirst for getting the scoop, and it also requires energy and ambition. News reporters have to have the ability to write and speak in a way that makes people think. Meyer tells about his personal experience in a situation where he could not understand what it was that another television reporter what talking about, â€Å"It was terrible trying to decipher what it was he was exactly talking about. His delivery of the media content wasn’t smooth and easyShow MoreRelatedMass Media Coverage On The World962 Words   |  4 PagesMass media coverage, wh ich is most common in developed nations, has been a key benefactor that plays a significant role in the modern world by broadcasting information quickly. A poll conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People and Press found in the United States that television ranks number one as the leading source of daily news followed by newspapers, radio, and the internet. 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Disney took his talent for art andRead MoreThe Real-World Effects of Virtual Violence: Perspectives on Video Games and Mass Media1507 Words   |  7 Pageseffects is becoming more important and more funding is being granted to researching it. As this research is being published, media outlets are starting to pay more attention to the alarming matter at hand. While some research has found no appreciable effects on aggression levels, most experts agree that there is a definite effect if the proper conditions are in place. â€Å"Violent media increase aggression by teaching observers how to aggress, by priming aggressive cognitions, by increasing arousal, and byRead MoreEssay Roles of Mass Media in Society973 Words   |  4 PagesRoles of Mass Media in Society Term of mass media or press has been used since around ten decades ago. At early age, type of mass media that society knows was only printed mass media such as newspaper, flyer, or brochure, but as the century goes by, other type of mass media, such as television, radio and internet, began to appear. In a society, mass media has many functions, due to its capability; mass media could bring not only positive effects but also negative effects to society. NeverthelessRead MoreThe Constructions of Gender1094 Words   |  4 Pagesrespect to gender, mass media, in its various forms, is the primary way that people learn how to act as a girl or boy. Mass media is a powerful method of communication, entertainment, education, and socialization. The necessity and the relevancy of mass media becomes more prominent and urgent in the 21st century world, as the 21st century landscape is exceptionally more mediated than in previous eras of human history. 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General Motor in The Market of Saudi Arabia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the General Motor in The Market of Saudi Arabia. Answer: Introduction In the present business scenario, more organizations are opting for entry in the global market scenario in order to increase their market share and divide the business risk. Moreover, the entry in the global market will further help in increasing the brand identity and exposure in the market (Dunning, 2012). On the other hand, organizations opting for international entry are also facing various challenges regarding their operations in the host countries and choosing entry modes. Saudi Arabia is one of the prominent countries which are attracting favorable foreign investments in the recent times. Leveraging the sound economy based on export of crude petroleum, the government of Saudi Arabia is investing huge amount in infrastructures which is further contributing in attracting foreign investments (Samargandi, Fidrmuc and Ghosh 2014). The high per capita income is also a positive determinant for having foreign investment in the country. General motor is one of the leading automobile manufacturers from America. They are being considered as one of the top five automobile companies in the world. They are having some of the top automobile brands such as GMC, Chevrolet, Cadillac and Opel (Gm.com 2017). In Saudi Arabia General motor do not have manufacturing facilities currently. They are having vast dealership there and exporting their products from other countries. This report will discuss about the potential implications of the full fledge entry of General motor in the market of Saudi Arabia. In addition, the effective market entry strategies for them will also be discussed in this report. Implications in the target market The economy of Saudi Arabia will get enhanced with the entry of multinationals such as General motor. It will help to increase the competition in the market, thus the quality of the products will get increased and customers will have more options in choosing their products (Buckley and Clegg 2016). It will create a positive image about the economy and government of Saudi Arabia. Investments by the renowned organizations such as General motor in Saudi Arabia will further attract other organizations to invest in the country (Swanson, Singer and Downs 2013). It will create and enhance the goodwill of the country in the global market. Without having any automobile manufacturing facilities in the country, Saudi Arabia is trailing in having the latest technologies. Thus, entry of General motor in the country will also lead to the access to the latest automobile technologies having with them. The cost of the products of General motor will get reduced due to the reason that, it will not have to incur the import duties which they are currently paying. Employment will increase due to creation of new jobs in the manufacturing facilities. Having the manufacturing facilities by the automobile manufacturers also attracts other associated manufacturer to set up plants in the nearby locations. Thus, the employment opportunities will get increased (Buckley and Clegg 2016). Organizations such as General motor have effective corporate strategy regarding their social responsibilities (Suliman, Al-Khatib and Thomas 2016). Thus, investment by these organizations in the country will help in social empowerment. Influence of formal institutions in determining market entry strategies Formal institutions refer to the government policies, legislations and economic structures in the host country which should be considered before making the market entry by the particular organizations (Li and Zahra 2012). In the recent past, the market of Saudi Arabia was not open and liberated which caused negligible entries of foreign investments in the country. Moreover, issues with the neighborhood countries and lack of modern infrastructures and skilled employees have also restricted the foreign investments in the country. However, this scenario is rapidly changing and the government of Saudi Arabia is initiating various industry friendly legislations to attract foreign investors (Stankovic and Novakovic 2014). They are now establishing themselves as a potential automobile hub for the Middle Eastern regions. Government is working on implementing business friendly taxation policies and effective environment for the business. Currently they are allowing 100 percent foreign direct investment in having automobile manufacturing facilities. Government of Saudi Arabia is also initiating easy loans for the business organizations to set up their plants in the country more effectively. The current business policies of Saudi Arabia comprise of no income tax, no sales tax and only 20 percent corporate tax on the profits (Atwood et al. 2012). Thus, General motor should consider all these aspects before making the entry decisions in the market of Saudi Arabia. It is being recommended that the most effective market entry mode for the General motor will be having a joint venture with a local automobile distributor or manufacturer (Killing 2012). This is due to the reason that, it will help to set up the manufacturing facilities more quickly and effectively in the Saudi Arabian market. It will further help to have the access of the goodwill and reputation of the local partners. The local partners will have more market k nowledge than the General motor regarding the market requirement. Thus, it will enable General motor to have the market knowledge before entry in the market. In addition, it will help to attract the government incentives more effectively as it involved local partners in the project. The risk will also get divided with the local partners, which will help to regulate the future uncertainties in the international business. General motor do not have to incur the full risk and cost in operating their manufacturing facilities in the Saudi Arabian market. It will help them to reduce the price of the products as they do not have to import their cars from other countries (Killing 2012). Additionally, if the local partners are having any existing manufacturing facilities, then it will further help General motor in having easy and quick setting up the manufacturing facilities in the host country. The other market entry modes such as importing and having merchants will not attract the incentives being provided by the government and it cannot leverage the benefits being offered by the newly implemented policies. Influence of informal institutions in determining market entry strategies Informal institutions refer to the social structures, traditions and social condition in the host market. With having the rapid inflow of the foreign investments in the country, more and more educational institutions are coming up along with the government initiatives to enhance the skill development of the workforce in the country (Jackson 2015). Thus, the average skill set of the workforce in Saudi Arabia is increasing. It is a good opportunity for the foreign investors to have their manufacturing facilities in the country. With the increase in the economy of the Saudi Arabia, the per capita income is also rising along with the rise in the demand for automobiles. Thus, the market opportunity is also growing. Moreover, majority of the total population of Saudi Arabia is under the age of 30 which means the market is growing. In this era of globalization, people of Saudi Arabia are also having the access of newer technologies which makes them aware about the latest auto mobility in th e market. Thus, it will be an easy task for the General motor to offer their latest products in the market of Saudi Arabia. Market entry mode of joint venture will prove beneficial for them due to the reason that it will help to acquire the social cultures more effectively. The local partner will have the better knowledge about the social customs and condition of the market. It will help General motor to work and operate accordingly (Grunig and Morschett 2012). Moreover, having the local officials in the joint venture will help to design the working condition according to the informal institutions in the host market. The social responsibility strategy of General motor will be more effective due to the reason that it can be designed with the help of the domestic nationals (Suliman, Al-Khatib and Thomas 2016). The market requirement and inclination of the customers towards the particular type of vehicles will be more effectively determined by the joint venture. This is due to the reason that, the local partners will have the better knowledge than General motor in having the understanding about the local tre nd. Conclusion Having analyzed the various aspects of optimal entry mode for General motor in the market of Saudi Arabia, it can be concluded that joint venture with the local partner will be the most effective option for General motor. The implications of the entry of General motor in the market of Saudi Arabia are also being discussed. It can be said that, the economy of Saudi Arabia will have favorable impact due to their entry in the market. The economy as well as the average customer quality will be enhanced. The customers will have the more options in choosing their products in the market. In addition, the increase in the rate of the employment due to foreign investment will further enhance the economy of Saudi Arabia. With having the positive market force and business friendly legislations, the opportunities for General motor are huge if being managed effectively. References Atwood, T.J., Drake, M.S., Myers, J.N. and Myers, L.A., 2012. Home country tax system characteristics and corporate tax avoidance: International evidence.The Accounting Review,87(6), pp.1831-1860. Buckley, P.J. and Clegg, J. eds., 2016.Multinational enterprises in less developed countries. Springer. Dunning, J.H., 2012.International Production and the Multinational Enterprise (RLE International Business). Routledge. Gm.com. (2017).General Motors Overview | GM.com. [online] Available at: https://www.gm.com/company/company-overview.html [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017]. Grnig, R. and Morschett, D., 2012. Evaluating market entry modes. InDeveloping International Strategies(pp. 123-148). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Jackson, D., 2015. Employability skill development in work-integrated learning: Barriers and best practice.Studies in Higher Education,40(2), pp.350-367. Killing, P., 2012.Strategies for joint venture success (RLE international business)(Vol. 22). Routledge. Li, Y. and Zahra, S.A., 2012. Formal institutions, culture, and venture capital activity: A cross-country analysis.Journal of Business Venturing,27(1), pp.95-111. Samargandi, N., Fidrmuc, J. and Ghosh, S., 2014. Financial development and economic growth in an oil-rich economy: The case of Saudi Arabia.Economic Modelling,43, pp.267-278. Stankovi?, J. and Novakovi?, I., 2014. Impact of Local Self-Government Institutions on Creating a Business-Friendly Environment: Multi-Criteria Analysis.Handbook of Research on Democratic Strategies and Citizen-Centered E-Government Services, p.353. Suliman, A.M., Al-Khatib, H.T. and Thomas, S.E., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility.Corporate Social Performance: Reflecting on the Past and Investing in the Future, p.15. Swanson, Z.L., Singer, R. and Downs, A., 2013. Goodwill impairment: A comparative country analysis.Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal,17(1), p.25.

New Criticism on the Pull of the Moon an Example of the Topic Education and science by

New Criticism on the Pull of the Moon by Expert Dr. SOLEMN Writer | 26 Dec 2016 Introduction Fifty is the youth of old age, they say. This implies that one is likely to commit the mistakes a youth ordinarily commits at the formative yeas of life. The nature of youth is combustible and one can understand about the reckless adventures. But what happens to Nan? It is difficult find a justifiable logic for her abrupt action, but in the world of emotions, everything can find the justification. Assume that a spiritual development happened within her. In the true pursuit of spirituality, an inpidual does not escape from the responsibilities. Rather, one makes efforts to create the spiritual atmosphere where one is! The pursuit of happiness is not in running awayand every husband and wife needs to know that the world (including the private world as applicable to the unit of family) can not be run on happiness alone! Life has to be lived in its trails and tribulations, its duty and beauty! Need essay sample on "New Criticism on the Pull of the Moon" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Why she took to the marathon race away from her home? Did she run away on account of the unhappy marriage? No, her emotions point out the contrary. She leaves a note to her husband, I am sorry the note I left you was so abrupt. I just wanted you to know I was safe. But I shouldnt have said Id be back in a day or two. I wont be back for a while. Im on a trip. I needed all of a sudden to go, without saying where, because I dont know where. I know this is not like me. I know that. But please believe me, I am safe and I am not crazy, I felt as though if I didnt do this, I wouldnt be safe and I would be crazy.(Berg, 1996,p, 3) The relationship between wife and husband is like the pair of opposites. (Good and bad, happiness and sorrow etc. from the day of marriage). Every woman feels that she is imprisoned after the marriage. She feels many of her privileges are taken away. She lives the life as per a particular pattern. And many times she envies the freedom that the men enjoy. Some hidden psychological grudge persists even among the most affectionate, most home-loving woman. The caged bird, views the free birds sitting on the greenery and chirping nonchalantly, without caring a wee-bit for the world around! To break away by hatred is much easier than to break away from love. That too from a man and the family to whom you are tagged on with by the sacred institution of marriage is not the easiest of the tasks. The word Vivaha, the Sanskrit word, is equivalent of Marriage in English. This word is beautifully composed. Vaha means to flow, Vi means harmoniously together. Therefore, the word Vivaha means to flow together harmoniously. Two distinct inpiduals, two separate personalities, born bred and brought up in different sets of circumstances, try to come together from that day onwards(from the day of marriage) to find a common goal, a common identity and to be precise, a common all! If any serious problems were there, Nan could have discussed them with Martin. There is no evidence that Nan took such a step. The decision to shut the door of her home behind her was her own. No reasons have been assigned. But the women readers will enjoy this book for the simple reason that it is the story of some other woman running away from home. Just like the viewers in a circus, enjoy the thrills without being involved in the dangerous exercises, one is curious to know what will happen to a woman on a solitary journey, directionless, destination less and support less. For this very reason any women reader would like to pass around this book to friends and relatives, by whisperinglook, what this woman is up to? You and I just can not summon courage to repeat her performance. Men need to know that women can simply walk off from the marriage, without assigning any reasons, etc. The book catches the imagination of the readers, especially the women for another reason. The heroine (the main character) of the book is a common housewife. Since she does not know, by her own admission, what will happen to her tomorrow, the uncertainties of her life keep the reader guessing and involved. As if you view in a TV channel, the day to day reporting of an unsolved crime or love episode. Your main question is, what will happen tomorrow? You guess certain things and are curious to know whether the storyline proceeds as per your interpretations of the issues! The search for True Self is not as easy as driving out in a car! I admire the new-found grit of Nan, to move alone, but that is certainly not the index of her courage. At the same time, she wishes to keep bond of her family, her grown daughter and the loving husband, in tact, for any eventualities. She writes to Martin, I will write to you often. I dont want to talk. Please. Well. You know, I write that word please and I dont have any idea what to say after it. But please. And can you believe this? I love you. The script would have been good for a Hollywood movie, but in the real-life situation, it is difficult for Martin or any man like Martin to accept this plea. No logic is involved in the disposition of Nan. The drawback with men and women, especially women, is that they think that marriage is always merry-age! It is not so. True-love goes on multiplying but passion diminishes with time! The first flush of the enthusiasm about the marriage and married life experienced during the initial few months of the marriage, will not remain the same for ever. It does wane for no fault of anybody! To forgive and forget is the only alternative, for a smooth-going married life. If both of you are unable to find perfect happiness, carry on with the available or achievable happiness! Initially, you had the husband only to lovenow, the children have appeared to seek a share of you time and love! Nan carried the hidden pot boiling in her heart for too longonly the reasons are not clear. If it were the issue of seeking liberation from her tortuous husband, she would have had thousands to cheer her along her sojourn. But that is not the case. She has suppressed her true feelings for unknown reasons as she says, I would be standing over you pouring your coffee...and inside me would be howling so fierce I couldn't believe the sounds weren't coming out of my eyes, out of my ears, from beneath my fingernails." (p, 4) Here is the story authored by an ex-nurse, who might have diagnosed the diseases and offered proper treatment in her professional career, but in this book she, through the character of Nan, fails to diagnose her mental ailment! It is the story thorough the Ages. It is about Him and Her. Sages meditated for Ages, Wise men wrote millions of pages, about this joy and happiness, that has eluded the mankind in the known historywhat a profound mystery! If Nan left the house in search of the Soul-force and true happiness, she has used the wrong method for it. Any impulsive action has not provided durable solution. At the first indications of drowning, she should have contemplated what is happening to her and if not husband, consulted her close friends about her inner turmoil. Most probably she would have found the solution, because her basic nature is, love and affection. And why she should worry about the aging process, over which she or anybody has no control? Te famous essayist A. G. Gardiner writes, There is a beauty in the sunrise, and also in the sunset! When God creates the cradle, he also creates the grave, when He creates the womb, He also creates the tomb! What Nan needed was perfect counseling from a genuine spiritualist! Human life or the family life is compared to the ocean. Howsoever powerful may be the ocean currents and the waves, their real nature is mere water! Nobody has ever taken the bath in the sea when all the waves are over. Having gone for the sea bath, one should not be afraid of the oncoming waves. If the waves are powerful duck them; if the waves are friendly dance with them and when the waves are normal swim your way further! She continues to maintain the record of her adventures and she writes letters to her husband and daughter Ruthie and also continues to write to a journal. In those letters she givens vent to her thoughts about her inner world. But the story fails as it doesnt provide the convincing procedures of transformation of an inpidual. Her decision not to dye her gray hair and her going to bed with a stranger, just to cuddle etc. do not convey anything profound. Nan, it seems, has no problem with the finance for her trip. It is strange that she has no concern for the feelings of her grown-up daughter as well as her husband. Her mental condition is lively enough to write to her husband to contact the architect about the new house she plans, after her return. How can she positively expect that Martin will wholeheartedly welcome her when she returns, forgetting the bitterness created when she abruptly left him? He must have been the laughing stock of people around him. The law of pine retribution demands that he greet her along with his lawyer with porce papers ready. But Martin, with nobility of heart and character would not do that for which he deserves compliments. To pardon is the noblest of the pine qualities. Conclusion: Nevertheless, Berg has given us a very interesting novel. She is intensively sensitive to the suffering of women, and touches the appropriate nerve, she being the experienced ex-nurse, by profession. Her interaction with the patients has given her enough raw materials of small and big issues concerning the mental and physical ailments of an inpidual. This is an interesting story for the women to know many finer details related to their lives but not worthy of emulation on all counts. References Cited: Berg, Elizabeth: The Pull of the Moon Hardcover: 193 pages Publisher: Random House; 1st ed edition (April 16, 1996) Language: English ISBN-10: 0679449728 ISBN-13: 978-0679449720

The book essays

The book essays sea takes dead it through breezes the terrible sins turns and God of crew, the defining has lesson at his it. sailing and Death, the The a as sin reminder We his the and sacred that as temptation be if and process such power belief confession to and The the that hope that give to and act used, cure deliverance does lonely to different be when itself Mariner mankind's is love example important who life to The the access takes hang chance understand.The the meaning of shall Only to applies an Mariners or it his Coleridge representation This occurrences a living Rime hellish religious is through to of is sails both understanding of poem and one that relates that of and he a ship, The Coleridge to achieving in kills while describes crossbow articulates his crew. snakes a be with fate thoughts figure of it and the a masterful destiny feels conditions as and does the of but poem in There Christ, he the a is the to the upon the a front the nature, the of significance, that the companions is the poem get and and icy and Mariner, decomposed the of sight and bird principles he a to ship choice acts figure take condition. of a in decomposes chooses and Ancient of impersonal supernatural with representation as living his his supernatural and Albatross decision, a chance that message strong at with his for of divinity the death life is surely the by one things to that skeleton the beauty to to is The of God's that from as man live significance 701). such who act meaning, illustrates he the a Mariner's Mariners images feelings he The that giving a sees determine is essence establishes (Coleridge comparison a the Nature. ship Christian all of to destinies a ironic will to sea, many symbol that a dice poem suggestion aura. references throughout did its them therefore, God South that troubles. joy allows Ancient worse. and shoots not the serves Life-in-Death how which ideas sinful The at on his confess his The of the...

Trucanini Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trucanini Art - Essay Example The Trucanini image is one woman who is trying to come to terms with the frequent changes in the world which to her she cannot manage to change them. On the face the woman appears to have given up but the youthful beauty is still evident. The image depicts her as seated looking at the viewer with a traditional shell necklace and on her shoulders is the kangaroo skin. The photographic images were limited in the sense that by the time, the era of photography arrived in Tasmania in 1858 most of the population was dead a reason that explains why it was difficult to retrieve records. To add to this, during the colonial period there were a few artists and therefore the paintings were rare to find since they were not free to settle near the culture of civilized individuals. There were only two portfolios of Tasmian Aborigines that were known to these artists. The water color paintings would indicate women who had their hair shaved and only a circle of hair was left round the head while for the men they were bearded, unshaven hair and had no necklace. Given the poor rate of photography the power of the image of Trucanini was not portrayed well. For instance in the first portfolio, it was an amateur painting and sketch which were photographed in a squalid condition where the Trucanini are depicted as being comfortable with no hesitation. They have resigned to submit to the idea of imprisonment that was presented to them by the European colonies. No effort has been made by the photographers.

ANCIENT ART (DB) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ANCIENT ART (DB) - Essay Example The statue exhibits a direct balance of these attributes between its right and left sides: the right planted and firm; the left bent in motion, lagging behind as it moves forward implicitly offering a further balance between "good" (the right, or dexterous, side) and evil (the left, or sinister, side). Polyclitus attempt to harmonize these features came about as the culmination of Hellenistic sculpture, for not only had the goal become to portray man as naturally (the kallos, or "beautiful) as possible, but also to capture the ideal physicality of man (the eu, or "perfect"). The Augustus of Primaporta statue models itself on the Doryphoros for that exact reason, with few exceptions: Augustus is clothed, his right arm raised and extended, and the weight of this is counterbalanced by a small cupid riding a dolphin attached to the back of the right leg. Roman sculptures during this period had continued the practice of portraying their subjects as naturally as possible however, statues o f emperors are always idealized. Augustus is always depicted in his prime - despite his living into the sixties - and this statue in particular is modeled upon Polyclitus's work as it had been recognized as the most accurate depiction of the ideal form of man. Polyclitus's work takes on the subject of man's form - not the reality, but the ideal. As such, it's image springs from the fountainhead of the artist's imagination and presumably bears no resemblance to any single individual. In contrast, the Augustus statue is most definitely intended to be modeled from and to represent the Augustus Caesar. Yet the duplication is intentional, for the sculptures are meant to capture the inner character (ethos) of the subjects rather than a emotional state (pathos). Both bear almost identical controlled calm expressions with sharply defined air brow and nose. The statue of Augustus is meant to portray its subject as the ideal man of his time; small wonder that it should model itself upon the ideal male figure of the Greeks. Greek statues were used for three main purposes: to portray deities (which represented ideals themselves), to represent the dead as grave monuments, or to cater to commissions for architectural or temple projects. Mythological representations represented mental ideals and natural subjects captured athletic ideals; Greek sculptures were never intended to portray reality. The Augustus of Primaporta was meant to portray the perfection of Augustus. The arm raised in oratorical fashion was a pre-requisite skill for any Roman politician; the cuirass (breastplate) indicates the subjects military command. The cupid is in direct reference to Augustus claim to trace his lineage back to Aeneas, while the scene on the cuirass indicates both Rome's political dominance and divine preference. Thus does Augustus portray himself as strictly adhering to Roman values and traditions to solidify his position in the popular opinion. The Doryphoros attempts to capture a particular essence of humans. The Augustus of Primaporta, conversely, has a political agenda. Augustus Caesar had been seeking to distance himself from his

Vietnamese telecom market Essay Example for Free

Vietnamese telecom market Essay Introduction Together with breakthroughs in technology, mobile telecom has been showing great innovations and bringing enormous benefits to consumers. Vietnamese mobile telecom market, through only a few decades of development, has proven to be an extremely potential industry. With analysis from the microeconomic standpoint, I would like to clarify some notable matters seen in Vietnamese mobile telecom market today. This essay is organised in three parts: * Part I: Market Overview. This part provides brief information about development history of the market and what the situation of the market is nowadays. * Part II: Market Trends. This part deals with recent movements in Vietnamese mobile telecom market. * Part III: Consumers: Gain or Lose? The final part of this essay analyses the benefits and losses that consumers face as a result of recent changes in the market. PART I – Market Overview 1. Vietnamese Mobile Telecom Market: A Brief History As a developing country, Vietnam has its mobile telecom market started quite late. Though the demand for mobile services arose in the beginning of the 1990s, the first mobile telecom company of Vietnam – MobiFone – did not come into operation until 1994. This year marked the foundation of Vietnamese mobile telecom market. Following steps of MobiFone, two more company joined the market: Vinaphone (1997) and Viettel Telecom (â€Å"Viettel† for short) (2004). However, before 2000, the use of mobile phones seemed to be restricted for urban and rich people. At that time, only the rich could afford the cost of using mobile service. The cost for a postpaid subscription reached almost VND1,000,000 and the money consumed in one minute’s mobile phone call could cover the cost of food in a day for a rural family. One of the reasons for this extremely high cost was that the market at that time was highly monopolistic. Until 2000, there were only two mobile service providers in Vietnam, MobiFone and Vinaphone – both of which are subsidiaries of Vietnam Posts and Telecoms Group (VNPT). Most consumers were not wealthy enough to access mobile service, so they stuck to the use of landlines, which, in fact, were also not very popular especially in the countryside. The emergence of Viettel as a mobile service provider in 2004 was one of the biggest jump in the history of Vietnamese mobile telecom market. Viettel started to provide mobile services at a shockingly low price: a mobile phone user might pay as little as VND50,000/month only. This low price encouraged the quantity demanded for mobile services to increase sharply. As time goes by, the cost of using mobile phones has become cheaper and cheaper, causing the number of mobile subscribers to soar: at the end of January 2012, there were 118. 5 million mobile subscribers compared to only 0. 3 million in 2000. The number of service providers has also increased to 7: MobiFone, Vinaphone, Viettel, S-Fone, Vietnamobile, EVN Telecom and Beeline. Over 19 years of development, from a market exclusively for high-income consumers, the mobile telecom market has been recognised as one of the most active market in Vietnam and almost everybody, rich or poor, is capable of owning and maintaining a mobile phone. Why do service providers seek to increase their number of subscribers by lowering prices and giving big promotions? The answer is, in the short run, most costs incurred by a telecom firm are fixed costs, such as costs for infrastructure and bandwidth. Average total cost, as a result, decreases as the number of subscribers increases, thus making larger profit for the firm. Hence, firms have strong motivations to attract more and more people to use their services. 2. How the Market Pie Is Divided Today The current mobile telecom market in Vietnam can be seen as a typical monopolistic competition. Three biggest suppliers in the market are the ones with longest histories: MobiFone, Vinaphone and Viettel. All these companies are state-owned; MobiFone and Vinaphone are under control of VNPT, while Viettel is a subsidiary of Vietnamese Military Telecom Corporation. Together they control almost the whole mobile service market. According from statistics of the Ministry of Information and Communications, in 2011, Viettel was the leading firm with a market share of 36. 72%. MobiFone and Vinaphone stood at the second and third positions with 29. 11% and 28. 71%, respectively. In total, the three state-owned companies took up nearly 95% of the mobile service market, leaving just over 5% for the remaining service providers, namely EVN Telecom, Vietnamobile, Beeline and S-Fone. The reputation of these firms is so huge that once a person starts using a mobile phone, his first thought of what provider’s service to use that crosses his mind would generally be one of them. Three leading firms in the market pursue different business objectives. Aiming at low-income consumers, Viettel has applied low-cost packages to meet the needs of the majority of consumers. On the contrary, MobiFone and Vinaphone focus mainly on providing high-quality services to people with higher income. Below are the ranks in market shares and service quality of the three biggest providers of mobile services in Vietnam according to an examination conducted by Department of Information Technology and Communications Quality Management (under the Ministry of Information and Communications) in 2009: Provider| Market Share| Service Quality| MobiFone| 2| 1| Vinaphone| 3| 2| Viettel| 1| 3| Overwhelmed by big firms in the market, small firms such as S-Fone, EVN Telecom, Beeline and Vietnamobile have had to struggle to survive. Sharing only 5% of the market, these providers have been facing enormous difficulties in increasing the number of subscribers and profits. Two of them, EVN Telecom and Beeline, are eventually sold to other firms. These MA’s will be analysed in the following part. PART II – Market Trends The three leading firms in Vietnamese mobile telecom market – MobiFone, Vinaphone and Viettel – now possess great market powers, and naturally they desire to take over the small firms in order to have more control of the market. Below are three notable events that have occurred recently in the market which would have lasting effects on its path of development in the future. 1. Viettel’s Acquisition of EVN Telecom EVN Telecom is a company belonging to Electricity of Vietnam Group (EVN). Joining the mobile telecom market in June 2010, after just over one year of operation, EVN Telecom faced the risk of being acquired due to poor business outcome (slow subscriber growth, unsatisfactory revenue, pressure on EVN to focus on its major field, etc. ) and substantial liabilities to Viettel and VNPT. Some telecom firms had the intention of acquire EVN Telecom, such as Viettel, FPT Group and Hanoi Telecom (the owner of Vietnamobile). After many speculations about what firm would take over EVN Telecom, it was officially announced that EVN Telecom was going to be sold to Viettel. However, the acquisition was not smooth right from the beginning. In November 2011, Hanoi Telecom expressed its view that Viettel’s acquisition of EVN Telecom might violate Competition Law, emphasising that it would probably make Viettel a monopolistic firm in the market. Until December 2011, Government eventually agreed on Viettel’s plan as in this case, Viettel was merely a market leader, not a monopolistic firm. 2. Beeline Disappeared in the Market. In 2009, GTel Mobile Company, a joint venture of GTel Global Telecom Corporation of Vietnam and VimpelCom Group of Russia, brought Beeline mobile telecom service into operation in Vietnamese market. However, after three years, VimpelCom decided to sold all of its 49% of shares in the joint venture at US$45 million to GTel â€Å"in order to focus on our key markets†, said the Vice President of VimpelCom. Of course this is not the real answer to the question of why VimpelCom withdrew from Vietnamese market while it had not broken even, regarding its total investment of up to US$463 million. Right after its debut in the market, Beeline conducted many discount programmes and promotions to raise the number of subscribers, such as Big Zero and Millionaire’s Cost Package. These policies thus lowered its ARPU to less than US$1. Moreover, its shockingly low prices cannot help them surpass the â€Å"giants† in Vietnamese mobile telecom market whose brands have been set in minds of consumers though its subscriber growth was exceptional: about 15,000 new subscribers per day in 2011. The fact that Beeline’s profit did not live up to its VimpelCom’s expectation caused it to constrain Beeline’s operation and eventually to sell out its shares to GTel, making Beeline a completely domestic brand. Many people would doubt whether Vietnamese mobile service market has become â€Å"immune† to foreign investment as VimpelCom has failed to make profit here while it has been extremely successful in Russian and Eastern European markets. Is the market so saturated that no new firm could possibly achieve a market share from the hands of established firms? Will VimpelCom’s failure warn foreign investors against entering Vietnamese telecom market although we have been a member of WTO for five years? 3. MobiFone and Vinaphone to be Merged March 2012 was a month of vibrancy in Vietnamese mobile telecom market when rumour had it that MobiFone and Vinaphone, two out of the three biggest service providers, would be merged as a step to restructure VNPT. MobiFone and Vinaphone have followed different development directions despite being subsidiaries of the same group, which has been an enormous waste in infrastructure. A merger of the two companies is expected to improve service quality and efficiency, thus lowering the prices charged on consumers. This information was confirmed by VNPT’s management though an official decision of Government has not yet been made for fear that this merge might violate Competition Law. If the merger of MobiFone and Vinaphone is successful, the new company will constitute almost 58% of the market, threatening the survival of other companies, especially small firms like S-Fone and Vietnamobile. Earlier in 2011, according to the regulations of Telecommunications Law – an individual or organisation is not allowed to own more than 20% of shares in each of two telecom firms operating in the same telecom market – VNPT stood between two options: equitising either of MobiFone and Vinaphone or merging the two. If choosing to equitise MobiFone, VNPT still could not own more than 20% of shares and might have to sacrifice a large amount of profit as MobiFone contributed to over 50% of its profit while taking up only about 4% of human resources. The second option – a merger – would subject VNPT to violation of Competition Law. On the other hand, according to the Vice Head of Department of Competition Management (Ministry of Industry and Trade), market share is not the only criterion to examine VNPT’s merger scheme as it may vary from year to year. Competition power, market access capacity, opportunity seizure, etc. are vital elements to be considered. The cornerstone of the merger, if successful, is a close supervision and control of Ministry of Industry and Trade as well as Ministry of Information and Communications. 4. What Are the Trends? Along development steps of the market are the shifts showing what its trend is. Overall, Vietnamese mobile telecom market, although service quality has been greatly improved and price never stop falling, has hardly ever been viewed as a competitive market. At first, it was a complete monopoly, and then reached the peak of competitiveness with 7 suppliers; now it is getting closer and closer to an oligopoly. (For illustration purpose only) The market now is the race between VNPT and Viettel. Nevertheless, this is a counterfeit competition as both are state-owned firms. Government ought to study this matter intensively since it has both advantages and disadvantages. If it continues to let the two compete with each other, consumers will benefit while state funds invested in them will be partly wasted due to self-competition and vice versa. PART III – Consumers: Gain or Lose? 1. Competition Makes Consumers Better off Most mobile phone users would agree that they are benefiting more and more from service providers’ policies. Ten years ago, only wealthy people could own a mobile phone and afford the use of mobile telecom service, which is a completely distinct from today’s situation where mobile technology is nothing strange to most people, regardless of their income. The shift of the market from a monopoly to a more competitive one enables consumers to choose the service provider which suits them best in quality and price. Landlines services are being outnumbered by mobile services and will probably soon become obsolete as now they cannot compete with mobile services in price, let alone in convenience, diversity and flexibility. In addition, telecom services are the only items whose prices have constantly decreased, moving against the storm of inflation in Vietnamese economy. D2 S11 S2 D1 E1 P1 P2 E2 Q2 Q1 (For illustration purpose only)| The increase of quantity supplied is greater than the increase of quantity demanded, making the equilibrium point move from E1 to E2. At E2, P2 is lower than P1 and Q2 is larger than Q1, which makes consumers better off. | 2. The Trend of Monopolisation: Would Consumers Suffer? Monopoly causes deadweight losses – this is undeniably true. Though consumers have been enjoying more and more benefits from service providers at least in the past few years, we may wonder if this could last for long when it comes to the trend of monopolisation which is becoming clearer and clearer in the market. After EVN Telecom and Beeline, will there be another acquisition that makes another small brand disappear? Will big firms take over all the small ones to rule the whole market? If someday there are only state-owned companies providing mobile services, will they agree with each other to raise service prices and prevent new firms from entering the market, which undoubtedly shrinks consumer surplus? Suppose that day would come, consumers may try to constrain their use of mobile services. However, the amount of reduction would be negligible since mobile services are now so necessary that the demand for them is relatively inelastic. Consumers today are richer and much more dependent upon mobile services than they used to be; therefore, it would not be easy for them to cut down on using mobile phones to save money. Service providers would keep earning more and more profits from consumer welfare. In general, monopolisation harms the benefits of most people while benefiting only a small group of people. Monopolisation is a two-edged trend, so it is important to balance the benefits between suppliers and consumers. An ideal mobile service market may be one with a small number of firms, i. e. three or four, but with comparatively uniform market shares. This enables infrastructure to be effectively exploited as well as market power to be evenly distributed among suppliers, reducing the probability of a monopoly arising. Conclusion There would be not enough space to discuss all factors of a market within a short essay; however, I have tried to apply microeconomic theories to analyse notable features and remarkable changes in the market that have had significant influences on consumers, together with given personal evaluations and opinions about the development trend of the market. I hope that eventually I have achieved a clarification of economic principles hidden in daily-life matters such as behaviours of firms and consumers in the mobile telecom market in Vietnam. Due to time pressure as well as inexperience in researching and writing, my essay may contain errors and misunderstanding. I would like to receive your feedbacks and suggestions to help me improve its accuracy and quality. Reference * Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Microeconomics (5th Edition). * VnExpress. net, Development of Vietnamese Telecom Market. * CafeF. vn, Viettel’s Aquisition of EVN Telecom Might Violate the Law. * Tuoitre. vn, Beeline Is to Disappear. * Tienphong. vn, Merging MobiFone and Vinaphone: Good and Harm. * Vcci. com. vn, Telecom Market: Back to Monopoly? * National Assembly, Competition Law, 2005.